In 1939, Russian chemist Dmitry Usanovich introduced one of the most generalized acid-base theories, now known as the Usanovich Concept of Acids and Bases. Unlike the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories, Usanovich's model is not limited to aqueous solutions or proton transfers — it extends to a wide variety of chemical reactions, including redox reactions and coordination chemistry.
What is an Acid (Usanovich Acid)?
According to Usanovich, an acid is a species that can:
- Accept electrons
- Accept anions
- Donate cations
Thus, an acid can be a cation, a cation donor, an electron-pair acceptor, or an oxidizing agent.
What is a Base (Usanovich Base)?
According to this concept, a base is a species that can:
- Donate electrons
- Donate anions
- Combine with cations
Therefore, a base acts as an anion, a cation acceptor, or an electron-pair donor.
Usanovich Acid-Base Reaction Example:
In the above reaction:
- Na₂O donates an oxide ion (O²⁻), which classifies it as a Usanovich base.
- SO₃ accepts the oxide ion, making it a Usanovich acid.
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