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States of matter-II-Liquids-Key Points

Chemistry Lab - States of Matter

Key Concepts and Definitions

1. Boiling Point:

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure is called its boiling point.

2. Dipole:

A dipole is the partial separation of charges within a bond between two atoms.

3. Dipole-Dipole Forces:

Attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another.

4. Evaporation:

The spontaneous transition of a liquid to vapor at any given temperature.

5. Viscosity:

The internal resistance to flow due to molecular friction in a liquid.

6. Surface Tension:

The force per unit length acting perpendicular to a line on the surface of a liquid.

7. Hydrogen Bonding:

A strong electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom (bonded to a small, electronegative atom) and another electronegative atom.

8. Intermolecular Forces:

Forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring particles (atoms, ions, or molecules).

9. Ion-Dipole Interactions:

Electrostatic interactions between an ion and a polar molecule.

10. Liquid Crystal:

An intermediate phase between solid and liquid that exists between the melting point and clearing point of a crystalline substance.

11. London Dispersion Forces:

Weak attractive forces arising from instantaneous and induced dipoles in atoms or molecules.

12. Polarizability:

A measure of how easily an electron cloud can be distorted to form a dipole.

13. Vacuum Distillation:

A method of distillation carried out under reduced pressure to lower the boiling point and prevent decomposition of sensitive substances.

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