Theories of covalent bonding and shapes of molecules-Key Points

Theories of Covalent Bonding and Shapes of Molecules

Key Points:

• Bond Energy: The average amount of energy required to break all bonds of a particular type in one mole of the substance.
• Bond Order: Half of the difference between the number of bonding and anti-bonding electrons.
• Dipole Moment: The product of charge and the distance between the positive and negative centers in a molecule.
• Hybridization: The process of mixing orbitals of different energy and shape to form new orbitals with equal energy and shape, oriented in specific directions.
• Pi Bond (π bond): Formed by the sidewise overlap of two p-orbitals on adjacent atoms.
• Paramagnetism: A property shown by substances that are attracted into a magnetic field due to unpaired electrons.
• Lone Pair: A pair of valence electrons not involved in bonding but available for donation.
• Bond Length: The distance between the nuclei of two atoms connected by a covalent bond.

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